jueves, 14 de marzo de 2013

Las pérdidas de la RDA

Marx y Engels en el Berlín Oriental

La noche del 9 de noviembre de 1989 cayó el Muro de Berlín en lo que sería el comienzo del final del S. XX a nivel histórico, tal y como definió Eric Hobsbawn al desmoronamiento del campo socialista en su obra literaria. La caída del Muro, celebrada por todo lo alto por el bloque capitalista, aniquiló a la RDA -República Democrática Alemana- como Estado quedando absorbida por la Alemania Occidental en lo que pareció un final feliz de la Guerra Fría. Todos contentos. La pesadilla había acabado.

Más de dos décadas después de que el telón se viniera abajo, todavía perdura el terror cuando los medios se hacen eco de lo que fue aquel país llamado RDA. La Stasi se ha convertido en el nuevo Stalin para asustar a los niños y cuesta conocer los rasgos sociales más característicos del país comunista. La realidad es que vivir y crecer en la RDA distaba mucho de ser un infierno para la mayoría de sus habitantes. De hecho,  especialmente las mujeres, amplios sectores disfrutaban de derechos sociales casi únicos en el mundo. Pero todo aquello cayó en el olvido y conviene, de vez en cuando, descubrir algunos pedazos de Historia que pretenden escondernos aquellos que la escriben, los llamados vencedores.

Antifascista de nacimiento
Al contrario de lo que ocurrió en la Alemania capitalista, donde muchísimos nazis cambiaron la esvástica por el dólar para seguir mandando sobre la población, la RDA se planteó en su creación como un Estado democrático antifascista. Así, mientras la Alemania Oriental educaba en valores socialistas e igualitarios a generaciones crecidas en el nazismo, la RFA perdonaba a industrias colaboradoras con Hitler –Krupp, Siemens, Bayer, entre otras– y alzaba a puestos de poder en la patronal a un comandante de las SS como Hans Martin Schleyer –la RAF le daría pasaporte al infierno en 1977.

La RDA se convertiría con el tiempo en el país con mayor compromiso antifascista del mundo. Se calcula que unos cinco mil chilenos pudieron huir del golpe de Pinochet refugiándose en la embajada del país centroeuropeo. También se solidarizó con países como Angola, Palestina, Vietnam, Salvador y Nicaragua instruyéndoles en guerrilla y dándoles apoyo logístico. Se creó una red de ayuda a los exiliados políticos de todo el mundo a la vez que se ayudaba a los países que recién salían de las garras del colonialismo.

El saqueo de Treuhand
Para empezar, hay que desmontar el mito de la RDA como un país pobre y atrasado en comparación a la RFA. Si bien la capacidad industrial del oeste era superior -hay que tener en cuenta las grandes dificultades que vivió la RDA desde el inicio en contraste a las facilidades dadas a la RFA por el bloque capitalista-, la Alemania oriental logró crear un tejido productivo que llegó a ser el quinto de Europa. Sin embargo, algunos errores claves más la crisis política que atenazaba a todo el campo socialista acabó con las esperanzas de la Alemania Oriental.

Tras la unión de las dos Alemanias, una institución llamada Treunhandastalt creada en 1990 se encargó de trozear, privatizar y mandar al oeste las industrias orientales . El resultado ha alentado la Ostalgie  -expresión que une este y nostalgia- entre los habitantes de la ex-RDA. La Treuhand dejó a su disolución una deuda de 256.000 millones de marcos que sigue pagando el pueblo alemán. Claro está no todo fue malo en la gestión de esta siniestra institución ya que consiguió duplicar la fortuna de los capitalistas occidentales desde 1993 a 2003. El costo de de la deuda antes mencionada y de los tres millones de parados que generó el proceso de privatización es y será a ojos de la Historia un efecto colateral

Hoy en día, la situación en el este es desoladora. A la bajada de natalidad, se le une una emigración masiva de jovenes que no ven futuro en sus tierras de nacimiento por culpa de un paro propio de España. Los grupos de extrema derecha proliferan –al igual que en todos los países ex-socialistas– pisoteando la memoria de quienes lucharon contra el fascismo hace más de sesenta años. Enterrando los sueños del proletariado alemán. La Ostalgie aumenta. Se entiende.

Rozando la igualdad
Mujer en la RDA
Repasando estadísticas y las particularidades políticas de la RDA, es especialmente llamativo el gran progreso que se vivió en el campo de la igualdad entre ambos sexos. Aunque los resultados no fueron perfectos -costará todavía generaciones derribar el patriarcado- sí que se aprecia un trecho recorrido por la RDA a mayor velocidad que la mayoría de países, entre ellos la RFA.

Para ser iguales a los hombres, las mujeres deben poseer capacidad para subsistir económicamente. De ahí la importancia de la entrada de la mujer en el mercado laboral   para avanzar en la igualdad. Ello debe ir acompañado, claro está, de las condiciones dignas que todo obrero -sea hombre o mujer- merece, así como de la posibilidad de recibir una educación de calidad que permita a las mujeres ocupar los puestos de mayor cualificación. La igualdad entre hombres y mujeres en el socialismo era una cuestión de clase en los países socialistas, de ahí que los países de ese bloque registraran generalmente mayores tasas de participación de la mujer en el trabajo.

Por ejemplo, a cuatro años del final de la RDA -en 1985- el 49 % de la población activa eran mujeres. Todavía en 2000, en la UE la cifra era de 43'5 %. La Constitución defendía la igualdad de salario según el trabajo aunque es cierto que las mujeres no solían realizar los trabajos mejor remunerados –por cada 1000 marcos ganados por un hombre, la mujer ganaba 762. Un 40 % del dinero que entraba en casa lo traía la mujer. Otro dato positivo que procede de la Federal Research de EEUU señala que el 82 % de las mujeres en edad de trabajar lo hacía a mediados de los ochenta. Treinta puntos porcentuales por encima del vecino occidental. En la Universidad, el 50 % del alumnado eran mujeres en 1985. Esta tónica se ha producido también en muchos países en los últimos años. Entre ellos está España, donde la población estudiantil es mayoritariamente femenina. Parece claro que la RDA apartó en buena parte a las mujeres de las tres 'K's -iglesia, niños y cocina- que predominaban en la Alemania pre-RDA. La cifra de divorcios -bastante superior a la mayoría de países- evidencia mayor posibilidad de independencia de la población femenina.

Fuera del ambito laboral, las madres solteras eran apoyadas por el Estado mediante subsidios y tenían plaza preferente en centros infantiles para sus hijos, como los famosos Kindergarten. La edad de jubilación era de 60 para las mujeres y 65 para los hombres. También se recomendaban píldoras anticonceptivas como medida de planificación familiar y se iniciaron movimientos para despenalizar la homosexualidad y promover los derechos de estos colectivos otrora discriminados. El aborto fue permitido desde 1972 sin coste alguno causando la envidia de sectores feministas de la Alemania Federal, que pedían los mismos derechos.

Feminismo en el parlamento
Quizás la razón principal de semejantes avances en materia de igualdad fue la aparición desde 1947 -antes incluso de la oficialidad de la RDA- de la DFD -Liga de Mujeres Democráticas de Alemania. Esta organización formaba parte del partido oficialista SED -Partido Socialista Unificado de Alemania- y poseía amplia representación en la cámara legislativa llegando a contar con 54 diputadas y un millón y medio de afiliadas. Es innegable que una institución de tanta vocación igualitaria no tiene parangón en una sociedad como la nuestra. Ello explica también el elevado número de cargos políticos que ocuparon mujeres durante la RDA aunque los puestos más poderosos en ministerios mostraban una casi total presencia de hombres. Como curiosidad, y para observar el acerbo combativo de la mujer en la RDA, en los últimos instantes de la historia del país, se crearon dos nuevas organizaciones minoritarias que pretendían elevar la crítica al Gobierno que la oficialista DFD no llevaba a cabo: Lilo y SOFI.

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100 comentarios:

  1. no voy a discutirte pues yo ni naci ni vivi alli para saberlo pero... no es un poco sospechoso que la gente prefiriera arriesgarse a morir cosida a balazos en el muro que quedarse a vivir alli?? lo siento pero si tan bonita era la RDA no le veo logica alguna.

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    Respuestas
    1. Nadie dijo que fuera bonita. Sólo he rescatado algunos de los rasgos más positivos de ese país, además de desribir cuál es la situación actual de la Alemania del Este. Para leer textos críticos sobre la RDA ya está el 99% de la red.
      Gracias por el comentario.

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    2. I think the chances of being shot to death in the wall are higher than being shot to death by the hover guards. In the wall, there is at least a chance of survival which is not provided in the wall. says seo agency It is like the saying goes: "Better to die on feet than live on knees".

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  2. Para Ismael Carrasco... ¿Sabes de toda la gente que saltó el muro desde la zona Occidental a la Oriental? Ese muro se saltaba en ambas direcciones, aunque esto sea silenciado.

    Por otro lado, quienes dan cifras más altas sobre los muertos saltando el muro, dan la cifra de 136 muertos... todo eso en 30 años... ¿cuantos mueren al día ahora mismo, en países avanzados, sólo por no haber tenido oportunidad de salir adelante en este mundo?

    Mira lo mala que era la RDA, que el 55% de los alemanes del este (datos de 2008) desearía que volviera la RDA, y ello a pesar de los años de propaganda...

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    Respuestas
    1. Solamente hay que ver los datos de fallecidos intentando cruzar la frontera de México con EEUU. Alrededor de 5000 en los últimos 15 años.

      Por otro lado, como ha dicho el compañero O-ZA, echando un vistazo a las encuestas en las que se pregunta a la gente a ver si querrían que volviese la URSS y la RDA, se ve como la mayoría de la gente que vivió aquellos años desearía que volviese aquel sistema. Según van muriendo quienes vivieron en el Socialismo, en las encuestas se refleja como desciende esa tendencia. Conclusión: La gente joven que no conoció el sistema comunista y que está contaminada por la propaganda y la historia escrita por los vencedores, no desearía que volviese aquel sistema. Sin embargo, los que conocieron la forma y el nivel de vida de aquellos tiempos, se decantan en su mayoría por la vuelta de las Repúblicas Soviéticas.

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    2. @Q-ZA "Mira lo mala que era la RDA, que el 55% de los alemanes del este (datos de 2008) desearía que volviera la RDA, y ello a pesar de los años de propaganda..."

      El mismo argumento que los que dicen que con Franco se vivía mejor.

      @Pruden "..encuestas en las que se pregunta a la gente a ver si querrían que volviese la URSS y la RDA, se ve como la mayoría de la gente que vivió aquellos años desearía que volviese aquel sistema."

      La mayoría afín al régimen dirás. Supongo que habrá otros que ni con Franco vivían mejor ni desearían que volviese la URSS y la RDA.

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  3. ¿Dices que la gente saltaba desde el otro lado del muro?? jajajajaj

    He leído estupideces, pero tu mentira es un chiste.

    Saludos.

    Juan.

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    Respuestas
    1. Ahora mismo no se decirte la fecha, pero en varias ocasiones así ocurrió, la más numerosa se dió cuando 400 jóvenes saltaron desde la RFA hacia RDA. Busca información y deja de tragarte los "documentales" que te diga una empresa multimillonaria, que no te va a contar las bondades del socialismo.

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    2. Desde la RFA se podía pasar sin tener que saltar el muro. Yo lo hice en enero del 86 por Check Point Charly. Solo tenias que pagar algo asi como 20 marcos.

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  4. La explicación de que la gente "huyera" de la RDA es simple: un calco de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano que usa EEUU contra Cuba. Los inmigrantes de Alemania Oriental gozaban de privilegios como "refugiados" si se quedaban en la RFA económicos y materiales. Si en Cuba hay tan buenos indicadores sociales ¿por qué se arriesgan a emigrar en balsa? Porque el nivel de vida de quien consigue tener éxito en EEUU, como en la RFA, era mayor que el promedio de la RDA. Y tener éxito, cuando el gobierno te mima en calidad de refugiado, es bastante fácil.
    Lo que no es cierto, y es la historia que se quiere construir con las 68 personas que murieron cruzando el muro (en la frontera de EEUU y México, por cierto, mueren 3 veces más personas cada año) es que huían de una fuerte represión política, dado que la represión en términos cualitativos y cuantitativos, el inmenso estado policial, estaba en la RFA. Lo que los periódicos (del capital) cuenten ahora a modo de historia de terror ignorará las decenas de miles de presos políticos de la RFA, el espionaje, los misteriosos asesinatos en las cárceles... Al respecto, recomiendo estos dos artículos nada sospechosos de pro-comunistas: uno de El País http://elpais.com/diario/1985/03/09/internacional/479170821_850215.html
    y otro originalmente de La Venguardia http://t.co/3bc2OREi7Y

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  5. ¿Cual es el problema de una Baja natalidad?

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  6. De verdad te crees ésto?

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  7. El tema no es si del otro lado te ofrecen beneficios o no, el tema es ha nadie lo deberían tener obligado viviendo en un país.

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